Bibliography

Last updated September 2026

B

Banda, Harvey, The Dynamics of Labour Migration from Northern Malawi to South Africa since 1974. (PhD thesis, University of Witwatersrand, 2019). https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28338

Boeder, Robert Benson. Malawians Abroad. The History of Labor Emigration from Malawi to its Neighbors, 1890 to the Present. (Michigan State University dissertation, 1974). https://doi.org/doi:10.25335/39t6-vc86

Boeder, Robert Benson. “Malawian labour migration and international relations in southern Africa,” Africa Insight, vol. 14, no. 1, 1984, pp. 17–25. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA02562804_193

C

Chirwa, Wiseman Chijere. “Jailing the Voiceless: Ex-Migrant Workers and Population Struggles in Malawi”. Nordic Journal of African Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, June 1999, p. 20, https://doi.org/10.53228/njas.v8i1.640

Chirwa, Wiseman Chijere. “‘No TEBA…Forget TEBA’: The Plight of Malawian Ex-migrant Workers to South Africa, 1988-1994.” The International Migration Review, vol. 31, no. 3, 1996, pp. 628–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2547289

Chirwa, Wiseman Chijere. “The Malawi Government and South African Labour Recruiters, 1974-92.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 34, no. 4, 1996, pp. 623–42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/161592

Chirwa, Wiseman Chijere. “‘Theba’ is Power”: Rural Labour, Migrancy and Fishing in Malawi, 1890s-1985. (Queen’s University thesis, 1992). https://search.worldcat.org/title/30863767 Download PDF

D

Daimon, Anusa, Henry Dee, Franny Gaede, Zoë Groves, and Julie Weise. “Digital Archiving of Southern African Oral Histories: Lessons from Matchona.org,” The Oral History Review, 2027. (in press)

Daimon, Anusa. “‘Ringleaders and Troublemakers’. Malawian (Nyasa) migrants and transnational labor movements in Southern Africa, c.1910–1960.” Labor History, vol. 58, no. 5, 2017, pp. 656–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2017.1350537

Daimon, Anusa. “The Rabble-rouser: Robert Sambo’s ICU Stint in Rhodesia.” Labour Struggles in Southern Africa, 1919-1949: New Perspectives on the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (ICU), edited by Noor Nieftagodien, David Johnson, and Lucien van der Walt, Johannesburg: HSRC Press, 2023.

Daimon, Anusa. “Malawian Encounters with the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle and Resultant Identities, 1966 to 1979.” Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Zimbabwe’s Liberation Struggle: Revolutionaries and Sellouts in Zimbabwe’s History, edited by Munyaradzi Nyakudya, Wesley Mwatwara, and Joseph Mujere, London: Routledge, 2023.

Daimon, Anusa. “Cultural Economic Survival under Crisis—Malawian Nyau/Gule Wamkulu Dances and Zimbabwe’s Economic Meltdown.” Livelihoods of Ethnic Minorities in Rural Zimbabwe, edited by in Kirk Helliker, Patience Chadambuka, and Joshua Matanzima. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94800-9

Daimon, Anusa. “In the shadows of the third Chimurenga?: African migrant intermediaries and beneficiaries within Zimbabwe’s agrarian reform matrix.” Critical African Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, 2021, pp. 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681392.2021.1935087

Daimon, Anusa. “Settling in Motion as Consciousness: Nyasa (Malawian) Informal Transit Across Southern Rhodesia towards South Africa from the 1910s to the 1950s.” African Studies, vol. 80, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2021.1905504

Daimon, Anusa. “‘Totemless Aliens’: The Historical Antecedents of the Anti-Malawian Discourse in Zimbabwe, 1920s–1979.” Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 44, no. 6, 2018, pp. 1095-1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2018.1534055

Daimon, Anusa. “ZANU (PF)’s Manipulation of the ‘Alien’ Vote in Zimbabwean Elections: 1980–2013.” South African Historical Journal, vol. 68, no. 1, 2016, pp. 112-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2015.1118879

Daimon, Anusa. “Politics of ‘Othering’ and the Struggle for Citizenship in Independent Zimbabwe: Voices from Malawian Descendants.” Africa Insight, vol. 44, no. 1, 2014, pp. 137-150. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC161959

Daimon, Anusa. “Yao migrant communities, identity construction and social mobilisation against HIV and AIDS through circumcision schools in Zimbabwe.” Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 47, no. 2, 2013, pp. 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2013.829938

Dee, Henry. “ICU Internationalism and the Transnational Unionisation of Migrant Workers.” Labour Struggles in Southern Africa, 1919-1949: New Perspectives on the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (ICU), edited by Noor Nieftagodien, David Johnson, and Lucien van der Walt, Johannesburg: HSRC Press, 2023.

Dee, Henry. “Central African Immigrants, Imperial Citizenship and the Politics of Free Movement in Interwar South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 46, no. 2, 2020, pp. 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2020.1689005

Dee, Henry. “Nyasa Leaders, Christianity and African Internationalism in 1920s Johannesburg.” South African Historical Journal, vol. 70, no. 2, 2018, pp. 383-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2018.1465114

G

Groves, Zoë R. “‘We Must Think in Terms of a Central African Nation’: Collaboration Between African Nationalisms, 1944-63.” Malawi in crisis. The 1959/60 Nyasaland state of emergency and its legacy, edited by Kings Mbacazwa Phiri, John McCracken, and Wapulumuka Mulwafu, Kachere Series, 2012, pp. 239–68. https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/854980218

Groves, Zoë R. Malawian migration to Zimbabwe, 1900-1965: Tracing machona. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54104-0

Groves, Zoë R. “Urban Migrants, Religious Networks: Malawians in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1920 -1970.” Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 38, no. 3, 2012, pp.491-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2012.707507

J

Johnson, Jessica A. “After the mines: The changing social and economic landscape of Malawi–South Africa migration.” Review Of African Political Economy, vol. 44, no. 152, 2017, pp. 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2016.1273826

K

Kadalie, Clements. My life and the ICU: The autobiography of a black trade unionist in South Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co, 1970. https://archive.org/details/mylifeicuautobio0000kada

Kubik, Gerhard. The Kachamba Brothers’ Band: A study of neo-traditional music in Malawi. Manchester University Press, 1975. https://archive.org/details/kachambabrothers0000kubi

L

Lovett, Margot, L. “From Sisters to Wives to ‘Slaves’: Redefining Matriliny and the Lives of Lakeside Tonga Women, 1885-1955.” Critique of Anthropology,vol. 17, no. 2, 1997, pp. 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X9701700204

M

Macdonald, Robert. “Using Written Consent Forms When Conducting Non-Elite Qualitative Research: Reflections from Zambia.” Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 50, no. 2, 2024, pp. 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2024.2386650

Mitchell [now Dee], Henry, Independent Africans. Migration from Colonial Malawi to the Union of South Africa, c.1935-1961. (University of Edinburgh MSc thesis, 2014). https://www.academia.edu/8987110/Independent_Africans_Migration_from_Colonial_Malawi_to_South_Africa_c_1935_1961 Download PDF

Mudeka, Ireen. “Gendered Exclusion and Contestation: Malawian Women’s Migration and Work in Colonial Harare, Zimbabwe, 1930s to 1963.” African Economic History, vol. 44, 2016, pp. 18–43. https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2016.0001

N

Nkhoma, Bryson Gwiyani. “Competition for Malawian Labourers. Wenela and Mthandizi in Ntcheu District, 1935 - 1956.” Malawi Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 21, 2012, pp. 27–44. Download PDF

Nkhoma, Bryson Gwiyani. “Transnational Threats: The Problem of Illegal Immigration from Northern Malawi.” Southern African Peace and Security Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 2012, pp. 29-43. https://saccps.org/pdf/1-2/SAPSS%201(2)%20Nkhoma.pdf Download PDF

P

Pachai, Brigdlal. The Malawi Diaspora and Elements of Clements Kadali. Central African Historical Association, 1969. https://discovered.ed.ac.uk/permalink/44UOE_INST/n9c0l6/alma995053303502466 Download PDF

R

Risam, Roopika. “Review of Matchona: Malawians on the Move in Twentieth Century Africa.” Reviews in Digital Humanities, 2026. https://reviewsindh.pubpub.org/pub/matchona

W

Weise, Julie M. “Gender and the Bracero Program: New Perspectives from Europe and Africa.” Relaciones, 2026. (in press)

Weise, Julie M. “Citizenship and Autonomy: Bilateral Labour Migration Governance and its Discontents in Malawi, Mexico, and Spain, 1919-75.” Journal of Global History, 2027. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022826100527

Weise, Julie M. “Dead Ends and Passageways: ‘Temporary’ Migrant Workers in the Long 1970s” in The Global Migration Turn and the New International Order in the Long 1970s. Editors Simone Paoli and Emmanuel Comte, 27–41. Routledge, 2026. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003706311

↑